Google said the cyber-spying campaign targeted Gmail accounts of US officials and journalists
Google has not blamed the Chinese government directly, but says the hacking campaign originated in Jinan.
The US company said its security was not breached but indicated individuals' passwords were obtained through fraud.
Chinese political activists and officials in other Asian countries were also targeted, Google said.
Washington investigation It is extremely difficult for analysts to determine whether governments or individuals are responsible for such attacks, says the BBC's Adam Brookes in Washington.
But the fact that the victims were people with access to sensitive - even secret - information raises the possibility that this was cyber-espionage rather than cyber-crime, adds our correspondent.
However, Chinese foreign ministry spokesman Hong Lei told a news briefing: "Blaming these misdeeds on China is unacceptable.
"Hacking is an international problem and China is also a victim. The claims of so-called support for hacking are completely unfounded and have ulterior motives."
On Wednesday, Google said it had "detected and has disrupted" a campaign to take users' passwords and monitor their emails.
"We have notified victims and secured their accounts," said the company. "In addition, we have notified relevant government authorities."
The e-mail scam uses a practice known as "spear phishing" in which specific e-mail users are tricked into divulging their login credentials to a web page that resembles Google's Gmail web service (or which appears related to the target's work) but is in fact run by hackers.
Having obtained the user's e-mail login and password, the hackers then tell Gmail's service to forward incoming e-mail to another account set up by the hacker.
The White House said it was investigating the reports but did not believe official US government e-mail accounts had been breached.
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